(1) Application of γ-PGA in Food
Low molecular weight γ-PGA has excellent antifreeze properties and can interact with proteins to improve food texture. As a result, it can be used as a food additive and antifreeze agent. Studies have shown that low molecular weight γ-PGA has higher antifreeze activity than glucose and has little impact on the taste of food. Additionally, γ-PGA can remove bitterness and significantly improve food flavor. When added to flour-based products, γ-PGA slows starch aging and enhances elasticity and resilience.
(2) Application of γ-PGA in Cosmetics
Due to its unique structure, γ-PGA has strong water absorption and retention properties, making it a popular ingredient in cosmetics. When used as a cosmetic raw material, γ-PGA of different molecular weights serves various functions. γ-PGA with a molecular weight greater than 2000 kDa forms a protective film, effectively preventing water loss. γ-PGA in the 1–10 kDa range promotes transdermal absorption, providing deep hydration and skin care benefits.
(3) Application of γ-PGA in Medicine
Low molecular weight γ-PGA exhibits good biocompatibility and biodegradability, making it suitable as a drug carrier. Its degradability allows for controlled drug release over time, improving drug utilization and enhancing therapeutic effects. Research shows that low molecular weight γ-PGA plays a significant role in cancer treatment. Through in situ depolymerization, low molecular weight γ-PGA is produced with promising results. For instance, γ-PGA in the 1–5 kDa range has been used to modify mitomycin C, significantly enhancing drug efficacy while reducing side effects.
(4) Application of γ-PGA in Environmental Protection
Common flocculants used in wastewater treatment, such as aluminum salts, iron salts, and polyacrylamides, have notable disadvantages. γ-PGA, however, is an environmentally friendly flocculant with excellent adsorption capabilities for heavy metals and rare earth elements. It is non-toxic, non-polluting, and biodegradable. Studies have found that γ-PGA with a molecular weight of 40–110 kDa can achieve a maximum flocculation rate of 46.99% with Ca(OH)?. Low molecular weight γ-PGA sodium salt can also be used as an additive or a standalone precipitant to induce protein precipitation.